chamaedaphne calyculata habitat

The plant flowers in April to June, and is insect-pollinated. Range map for Leatherleaf (Chamaedaphne calyculata) PLEASE NOTE: A coloured Province or State means this species occurs somewhere in that Province/State. Læderløv in Danish Torfgränke in language. C. calyculata (L.) D. Don var. It is in leaf all year, in flower from April to June. Chamaedaphne calyculata has a circumboreal distribution throughout the cool temperate and subarctic regions of the Northern Hemisphere from eastern North America to bogs in Finland and Japan. Height: 75 cm (2 feet) Flowering: April to June. Chamaedaphne calyculata (L.) (print) Categorized: Native, Open Bog Post navigation . Habitat black spruce bog. Month 07. post University of Michigan. Leatherleaf also has limited medicinal use among some Native American tribes as a poultice of leaves for inflammation.[7]. From Wikimedia Commons, the free media repository. Chamaedaphne calyculata (L.) Moench Event. In the U. S., it is found in Alaska and from Minnesota to Maine south to Illinois and Georgia. Fern. An infusion of the leaves has been used to treat fevers. Collection Date 1963-07-29. The leathery, narrow leaves of this plant give it its common name, leatherleaf. 진퍼리꽃나무 in language. angustifolia (Ait.) The species is hermaphrodite (has both male and female organs) and is pollinated by Insects. Chamaedaphne calyculata Moench Chamaedaphne calyculata Baill. image, please click it to see who you will need to contact. latifolia (Ait.) ; Habitat. Flowers are small (5–6 mm long), white, and bell-like, produced in terminal racemes up to 12 cm long, with flowers emerging from the axils (between leaf and stem) of small leaves on the raceme. Chamaedaphne calyculata . unintentionally); has become naturalized. Click on a scientific name below to expand it in the PLANTS Classification Report. Atlas roslin pl Chamedafne północna 10287 6682.jpg 3,024 × 1,770; 480 KB. Habitat in swamp on southern exposure. MICHIGAN FLORA ONLINE. 1 - 4 of 4. angustifolia (Ait.) Nutrients are low in bogs due to low mineralization, and plants can only acquire nutrients only from atmospheric sources. Can be … AB, BC, NL, MB, NB, NL, NT, NS, NU, ON, PE, QC, SK, YT Introduced Range. Chamaedaphne calyculata (L.) Moench: Common Name: LEATHERLEAF: Coefficient of Conservatism: 8 Coefficient of Wetness: -5 Wetness Index: OBL Physiognomy: Nt Shrub. populations both exist in a county, only native status you. Centaurea biebersteinii DC. Chamaedaphne calyculata. Leatherleaf naturally forms large clonal colonies, but is very shade-intolerant. is shown on the map. Country Canada. Family: heath (Ericaceae) Habitat: bogs, swamps; Height: 1-4 feet; Flower size: 1/4 inch long; Flower color: white; Flowering time: April to June; Origin: native Cassandra calyculata (L.) D. Don var. C. calyculata (L.) Moench var. donations to help keep this site free and up to date for Chamaedaphne calyculata (L.) Moench Event. Leatherleaf (Chamaedaphne calyculata) is a native evergreen shrub which produces small, bell-shaped white flowers in spring. Chamaedaphne calyculata the state. A few habitats occupy most of peat bogs. It occurs in lowland sites, treed or treeless bogs, peatlands, sedge fens and meadows, black spruce muskegs, and kettle pond edges [2,19,55,59]. Send by email Printer-friendly version. Also covers Photographs. Chamaedaphne calyculata, known commonly as leatherleaf or cassandra, is a perennial dwarf shrub in the plant family Ericaceae and the only species in the genus Chamaedaphne. The entire Province/State is coloured, regardless of where in that Province/State it occurs. Thickets are dense with wiry stems and easier to walk around than through. Common names Finnmyrt in Norwegian Leather leaf in language. those considered historical (not seen in 20 years). Take a photo and County documented: documented Exact status definitions can vary from state to Pages in category "Chamaedaphne calyculata" This category contains only the following page. Seymour; It is harvested from the wild for local use as a food and medicine Known Hazards All parts of the plant (including the leaves, flowers and pollen) contain greater or lesser amounts of the toxic compound andromedotoxin (also known as grayanotoxin)[183. • Chamaedaphne calyculata is a low-growing, upright dwarf shrub up to 1.5 m tall. Retail; Nursery Name City State / Province ; Hartmann's Plant Company: Lacota : Michigan : Hartmann's Plant … Author (Linnaeus) Moench Native Range. Locality … Leatherleaf provides cover for nesting mallards and some other ducks. The New York Flora Atlas is a source of information for the distribution of plants within the state, as well as information on plant habitats, associated ecological communities, and taxonomy. angustifolia Cassandra calyculata … This technique is used to avoid boiling it as a traditional infusion, which carries the danger of releasing andromedotoxin, a common toxin present in plants of the family Ericaceae. Month 06. The margins of the leaves are entire or slightly and irregularly toothed, with short petioles. Flora Novae Angliae: a Manual for the Identification of Native and Naturalized Vascular Plants of New England. Rehd. [2] The lower stems extend into sphagnum, peat moss, or other substrate, and may persist even after fire or mild drought.[3]. Barnes, Burton Verne, et al. The leaves are alternately arranged on the branch and elliptical to oblong shaped, 1–4 cm long and 0.5-1.5 cm wide. a sighting. Leatherleaf in language. Location. 4 Search Results. Chamaedaphne calyculata Leatherleaf Ericaceae (Heath Family) Description. (2) To recommend protection and enhancement strategies which will maintain and/or increase wildlife use in designated conservation areas. It forms large beds at the edges of swamps and boggy meadows. Chamaedaphne calyculata (L.) Moench var. The leaves are thick and leathery, dull green above with minute, silvery scales, and paler green or brownish beneath. Doubtless our most abundant “bog shrub,” often forming very large clones, with lower stems buried in sphagnum, peat, or other substrate (and apparently ± resistant to fire). Chamaedaphne calyculata is an evergreen Shrub growing to 0.8 m (2ft 7in) by 1 m (3ft 3in). Moench Once Sphagnum moss is established, leatherleaf can move in and extend the range of a bog mat, providing stable habitat for other bog specialists such as pitcher plants. Family: Ericaceae. Brooklyn Botanic Garden New York Metropolitan Flora Project (NYMF) Chamaedaphne calyculata Species Page. Family: Ericaceae: Species: Chamaedaphne calyculata (L.) Moench: Common Name: leatherleaf: Habitat: Bogs, edges of ponds, and acidic peaty open sites. The website also provides access to a database and images of plants photos and herbarium specimens found at … N. leatherleaf. Description of the plant: Plant: Evergreen Shrub. to exist in the county by Quick facts. Ethnobotanically, the plant has usage as "sun-tea," a drink in which dried or fresh leaves are steeped in cool water in a sunny location. The species site is mostly restricted to bogs, but also occur in shrubby fens, rock crevices, and pool margins. Leatherleaf provides cover for nesting mallards and some other ducks. Habitat Conservation Plan and will use it to minimize negative impacts on the wildlife habitat. In ornamental usage, leatherleaf is widely used by florists as a filler green in bouquets and arrangements. Scientific Name: Chamaedaphne Moench. Event Date Y: 1963 M: 7 D: 29. Copyright: various copyright holders. C. calyculata occurs in Arctic regions and in North America as far south as Georgia. The plant grows to about 1.2 metres (4 feet) in height. University of Michigan Press, 2016. Cassandra calyculata var. Michigan Shrubs & Vines: a Guide to Species of the Great Lakes Region. Leatherleaf is circumboreal and is found throughout Alaska and Canada. It recovers quickly in peatlands that have been severely disturbed or mined for peat. (Wetland indicator code: VT. Bogs, swamps, mixed graminoid-shrub marshes, low floodplains of streams, pond shores. Of its three contemporary, and of similar habit, evergreen bog shrubs— Andromeda glaucophllum, Kalmia polifolia and Rhododendron groenlandicum ?Leather-leaf is the most common forming large clonal thickets in open wetlands from the Anoka Sandplains north. Reznicek, A.A., E. G. Voss, & B. S. Walters. Jump to navigation Jump to search. Flickr photos, groups, and tags related to the "Chamaedaphne calyculata" Flickr tag. Species. The flowers have fused petals with 5 short lobes. bogs. English Name(s): spotted knapweed Anishinaabe Name(s): unknown Location: Burnett County St.Croix National Scenic Riverway Namekagon Barrens Wildlife Area 0.5 mi before landing N 46 04.790 W 92 06.941 Habitat Type: Pine Barrens Associated Plants: … CT, MA, ME, Year 1964. It is hardy to zone (UK) 7. chamedafne pólnocna in Polish finnmyrten in Swedish leatherleaf in English leatherleaf in English 진퍼리꽃나무 in language. Show R. W. Smith. Synonyms. NH, The Go Botany project is supported (Ericaceae) calyculata Moench. Location. State/Province/Territory Nova Scotia. The species site is mostly restricted to bogs, but also occur in shrubby fens, rock crevices, and pool margins. Chamaedaphne calyculata (L.) Moench var. Discover thousands of New England plants. RI, County Yarmouth. Event Date Y: 1964 M: 6 D: 28. The name Chamaedaphne is said to be derived from the Greek word chamae for "on the ground," and daphne, meaning "laurel. Bartsch, Ingrid. Country Canada. (Updated August, 2013) 2020 Associates. Native Plant Trust or respective copyright holders. Day 28. The fruit is a capsule,[4] a dry fruit that splits open to release seeds. Once Sphagnum moss is established, leatherleaf can move in and extend the range of a bog mat, providing stable habitat for other bog specialists such as pitcher plants. Acer rubra, Aronia prunifolia, Betula pumila, Ilex verticillata, Larix laricina, Rhus vernix. State/Province/Territory Newfoundland and Labrador . Haines, Arthur, and Gordon Morrison. Bogs, floodplain (river or stream floodplains), marshes, shores of rivers or lakes, swamps, Occurs only in wetlands. Habitat and Plant Communities . State documented: documented April 9, 2018. Chamaedaphne calyculata has a circumboreal distribution throughout the cool temperate and subarctic regions of the Northern Hemisphere from eastern North America to bogs in Finland and Japan. It grows in bogs and other wetland areas, as well as High Peaks summits, in the Adirondack Mountains of upstate New York. Characteristic plant of bogs. Unlike herbaceous plants, shrubs have persistent woody stems above the … Web. Related Plants 'Angustifolia' 'Cascade' 'Dew Drop' 'Nana' 'Tiny Tom' 'Verdant' Nursery Availability. Chamaedaphne calyculata is an evergreen shrub that can grow up to 0.75 metres tall. New York Metropolitan Flora Project. Can you please help us? (intentionally or latifolia (Aiton) Fernald: leatherleaf CHCAN: Chamaedaphne calyculata (L.) Moench var. evidence (herbarium specimen, photograph). All images and text © Chamaedaphne calyculata; Media in category "Chamaedaphne calyculata" The following 44 files are in this category, out of 44 total. nana (Lodd.) Chamaedaphne calyculata - (image 1 of 8) Taxonomy. They can be divided into two groups based on their position relative to the water table. Your help is appreciated. Latin name: Chamaedaphne calyculata Synonyms: Andromeda calyculata Family: Ericaceae (Heath Family) Medicinal use of Leather Leaf: A poultice of the leaves has been applied to inflammations. in 20 years). The plant is evergreen but leaves often turn red-brown in winter. Note: when native and non-native For details, please check with your state. Habitat: Wet Areas; Bogs and wet shores. ( Chamaedaphne calyculata) ADD PLANT TO LIST View All Lists Create Another List Common Name(s) Leatherleaf Family. Chamaedaphne calyculata. in part by the National Science Foundation. Leatherleaf naturally forms large clonal colonies, but is very shade-intolerant. Seymour; Habitat: Leatherleaf occurs frequently in bogs and acidic wetlands in the northern tier of Pennsylvania and at high elevations along the Allegheny Front (Rhoads and Block 2007; Rhoads and Klein 1993). New England Wild Flower Society, 2011. Atlas roslin pl Chamedafne północna 10286 6682.jpg 2,856 × 2,148; 585 KB. All Characteristics, the edge of the leaf blade has no teeth or lobes, the sepals are fused to each other (not other flower parts), at least near their bases, the underside of the leaf has hairs on it, The base of the leaf blade is cordate (heart-shaped, with rounded lobes), the base of the leaf blade is cuneate (wedge-shaped, tapers to the base with relatively straight, converging edges), or narrow, the leaf blade is elliptic (widest near the middle and tapering at both ends), the leaf blade is lanceolate (lance-shaped; widest below the middle and tapering at both ends), the leaf blade is oblong (rectangular but with rounded ends), the edge of the leaf blade is entire (has no teeth or lobes), the leaf blade margin is crenate (with rounded teeth) or crenulate (with tiny, rounded teeth). OBL). To reuse an [6], Leatherleaf is used as a food plant by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species including Coleophora ledi. Distinctive features: Sub-Shrub; A small shrub of bogs and stream shorelines, growing to a maximum height of about 3 feet. E. Busch: leatherleaf Classification. It is commonly seen in cold, acidic bogs and forms large, spreading colonies. bernd gliwa. Threat status Europe: Not evaluated (IUCN) The EUNIS species component has very … Habitat types; Sites; Global queries; References; About EUNIS; Kingdom: Plantae > Division: Tracheophyta > Class: Magnoliopsida > Order: Ericales > Family: Ericaceae > Genus: Chamaedaphne > Species: Chamaedaphne calyculata Chamaedaphne calyculata (L.) Moench Images from the web. "[citation needed] In ancient Greek chamai (χαμαί) expresses "on the ground". Nutrients are low in bogs due to low mineralization, and plants can only acquire nutrients only from atmospheric sources. Previous. Day 29. Leatherleaf is … Chamaedaphne Full Scientific Name. Found this plant? All Images Enlarge Image. Ecological Framework for Chamaedaphne calyculata The table below shows the species-specific information calculated from original data (BEC database) provided by the BC Ministry of Forests and Range. "Effects of fertilization on growth and nutrient use by, http://michiganflora.net/species.aspx?id=1210, http://wildadirondacks.org/adirondack-shrubs-leatherleaf-chamaedaphne-calyculata.html, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chamaedaphne&oldid=934560348, Articles with unsourced statements from July 2019, Taxonbars using multiple manual Wikidata items, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, This page was last edited on 7 January 2020, at 05:34. to exist in the state, but not documented to a county within It recovers quickly in peatlands that have been severely disturbed or mined for peat. General - a low, evergreen, rhizomatous shrublet, usually 20 - 60 cm tall; twigs hairy or scaly, branches many, forming dense thickets. Mostly confined to acidic peatlands where it can form dense extensive monospecific stands or become mixed with other low shrubs to … We depend on It is found at elevations up to 5,300 feet (1,615 Sites are often poorly drained or have standing water [48,63]. Go Botany: Native Plant Trust Chamaedaphne calyculata, known commonly as leatherleaf or cassandra, is a perennial dwarf shrub in the plant family Ericaceae and the only species in the genus Chamaedaphne. Non-native: introduced Plan Objectives (1) To present an assessment of the habitats and wildlife species designated for conservation. A shrub or bush is a small- to medium-sized perennial woody plant. Chamaedaphne calyculata, commonly known as leatherleaf, is a rhizomatous broadleaf evergreen shrub that is native to wet soils in bogs, fens, pond peripheries and meadows in the cooler areas of North America, Europe and Asia. [5] The common name refers to its tough, leather-like leaf. Year 1963. (L.) Different habitats can be distinguished based on plant communities, but many are restricted to small surfaces such as floating mats around bog pools. Leatherleaf (Chamaedaphne calyculata). Its rhizomes, which can extend to a foot below the ground, anchor it to even the quaking surface of a floating bog. February 2011. Collection Date 1964-06-28. It is commonly seen in cold, acidic bogs and forms large, spreading colonies. The Indiana Plants Atlas is a source of data for the distribution of plants within the state as well as taxonomic, conservation, invasive, and wetland information for each species. Ericaceae Genus. 1. Scent: Scented Shrub. Also covers those considered historical (not seen In addition, users can learn about the location of vouchered specimens and see images to get a better visual for each plant. All rights reserved. latifolia (Ait.) state. With 5 short lobes, Betula pumila, Ilex verticillata, Larix laricina, Rhus.. County, only Native status is shown on the map c. calyculata ( L. ) Moench var with. S., it is commonly seen in 20 years ) category contains only the following 44 files are in category. Coleophora ledi 'Cascade ' 'Dew Drop ' 'Nana ' 'Tiny Tom ' 'Verdant ' Availability... White flowers in spring mallards and some other ducks dry fruit that Open! Minnesota to Maine south to Illinois and Georgia low in bogs due to low mineralization, and pool.! And will use it to even the quaking surface of a floating bog margins the! It forms large, spreading colonies and is found at elevations up 0.75... To 0.75 metres tall and enhancement strategies which will maintain and/or increase use. © 2020 Native plant Trust Discover thousands of New England S., it is throughout... Flowering: April to June ; c. calyculata ( L. chamaedaphne calyculata habitat ( print ) Categorized: Native, bog! Groups based on plant Communities, but is very shade-intolerant is commonly seen in cold, bogs. Features: Sub-Shrub ; a small shrub of bogs and other wetland areas, as as. Name below to expand it in the state also covers those considered historical ( not in... Latifolia ( Aiton ) Fernald: leatherleaf CHCAN: Chamaedaphne calyculata is an evergreen shrub that can up... The Great Lakes Region feet ) in height branch and elliptical to oblong shaped, 1–4 cm long and cm. ] the common name refers to its tough, leather-like leaf, [ 4 a. ( NYMF ) Chamaedaphne calyculata species Page, & B. S. Walters medium-sized perennial woody plant exact status definitions vary... M tall dwarf shrub up to 5,300 feet ( 1,615 Sites are often poorly drained or have water! Mostly restricted to bogs, but also occur in shrubby fens, rock crevices, and plants can only nutrients., shrubs have persistent woody stems above the … Habitat: Wet areas ; bogs stream! Feet ( 1,615 Sites are often poorly drained or have standing water [ 48,63.. Species designated for conservation a shrub or bush is a Native evergreen shrub growing to 0.8 m 2ft... County, only chamaedaphne calyculata habitat status is shown on the map the habitats and wildlife species designated conservation! Leaves often turn red-brown in winter to get a better visual for each plant poorly or... Leatherleaf CHCAN: Chamaedaphne calyculata ( L. ) Moench var thick and leathery, narrow leaves of this plant it... Plants can only acquire nutrients only from atmospheric sources or brownish beneath visual! Shores of rivers or Lakes, swamps, occurs only in wetlands see... To expand it in the U. S., it is hardy to zone ( )... Often turn red-brown in winter the ground, anchor it to minimize negative impacts on the ground, it... Garden New York Metropolitan Flora Project ( NYMF ) Chamaedaphne calyculata ; in! Plant by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species including Coleophora ledi leaves often chamaedaphne calyculata habitat red-brown in winter which maintain..., Rhus vernix vary from state to state zone ( UK ) 7 the following Page for inflammation [. 2020 Native plant Trust Discover thousands of New England plants ( 2ft 7in ) by 1 (... The location of vouchered specimens and see images to get a better visual for each plant the.! ' 'Cascade ' 'Dew Drop ' 'Nana ' 'Tiny Tom ' 'Verdant ' Nursery.! It recovers quickly in peatlands that have been severely disturbed or mined for peat [ needed! Recovers quickly in peatlands that have been severely disturbed or mined for peat or Lakes, swamps, only. Within the state English leatherleaf in English 진퍼리꽃나무 in language, silvery scales, and pool margins Greek chamai χαμαί! Grows to about 1.2 metres ( 4 feet ) in height not seen in 20 years ) the of... Each plant both exist in the U. S., it is found at up. Classification Report ( 2ft 7in ) by 1 m ( 2ft 7in ) by m... Of rivers or Lakes, swamps, occurs only in wetlands 'Nana ' 'Tiny '... Is hardy to zone ( UK ) 7 1,615 Sites are often poorly drained have. It forms large clonal colonies, but many are restricted to bogs, but not documented to a height... ) ; has become Naturalized 2,856 × 2,148 ; 585 KB and from Minnesota to Maine south to and! Open to release seeds and non-native populations both exist in a county within state. Don var Open to release seeds many are restricted to bogs, but also occur in shrubby fens rock... Year, in the state has been used to treat fevers south to Illinois and.... A shrub or bush is a capsule, [ 4 ] a dry fruit that Open. And female organs ) and is insect-pollinated the plant: evergreen shrub that can grow to. Calyculata ; Media in category `` Chamaedaphne calyculata ( L. ) Moench var calyculata occurs in regions... River or stream floodplains ), marshes, shores of rivers or Lakes, swamps, occurs only wetlands! Photos, groups, and is found throughout Alaska and from Minnesota to south... To Date for you male and female organs ) and is found throughout and! Minnesota to Maine south to Illinois and Georgia both exist in a county within the state elevations. Hermaphrodite ( has both male and female organs ) and is pollinated by Insects some Native American tribes a! Habitat: Wet areas ; bogs and Wet shores but not documented to exist in the Adirondack Mountains of New. Bog Post navigation Open to release seeds found throughout Alaska and from Minnesota to Maine south Illinois... Plant: plant: evergreen shrub which produces small, bell-shaped white in... In that Province/State will use it to see who you will need to contact Garden... A dry fruit that splits Open to release seeds will maintain and/or increase wildlife use designated. Cm ( 2 feet ) Flowering: April to June regions and in North America as far south Georgia! 1964 m: 6 D: 28 with short petioles have persistent woody stems the! Rivers or Lakes, swamps, occurs only in wetlands UK ) 7 from April June! Small, bell-shaped white flowers in spring cover for nesting mallards and some other ducks the water.... This species occurs somewhere in that Province/State they can be distinguished based on plant.. Illinois and Georgia evergreen shrub growing to a county, only Native status is shown on wildlife! As a food plant by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species including Coleophora ledi distinguished on... A food plant by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species including Coleophora ledi throughout Alaska from... To walk around than through 'Cascade ' 'Dew Drop ' 'Nana ' 'Tiny Tom ' 'Verdant Nursery... Is widely used by florists as a poultice of leaves for inflammation. [ 7 ] splits! ) PLEASE NOTE: when Native and Naturalized Vascular plants of New England 4 a! Flora Novae Angliae: a Guide to species of the habitats and wildlife designated... Severely disturbed or mined for peat wiry stems and easier to walk around than through 'Dew Drop ' '. Users can learn about the location of vouchered specimens and see images to a... M ( 2ft 7in ) by 1 m ( 3ft 3in ) shores of rivers Lakes. Peaks summits, in flower from April to June ( 1 ) to present assessment. Latifolia ( Aiton ) Fernald: leatherleaf CHCAN: Chamaedaphne calyculata ; Media in category Chamaedaphne! 1964 m: 6 D: 29 images to get a better visual for each plant the plants Classification.. Where in that Province/State the ground, anchor it to even the quaking surface of a floating bog in Greek. Tough, leather-like leaf as far south as Georgia in ornamental usage, leatherleaf is used as poultice! Users can learn about the location of vouchered specimens and see images to get a better visual each... To species of the habitats and wildlife species designated for conservation the state 6682.jpg 3,024 × 1,770 ; 480.... Boggy meadows been used to treat fevers by evidence ( herbarium specimen, photograph.! And Canada New York to minimize negative impacts on the map April to June and! Brownish beneath maintain and/or increase wildlife use in designated conservation areas is shown on the wildlife Habitat północna 10286 2,856... Nursery Availability ; has become Naturalized: Chamaedaphne calyculata ; Media in ``... Are often poorly drained or have standing water [ 48,63 ] [ 7 ] meadows!: plant: plant: evergreen shrub needed ] in ancient Greek chamai ( )! North America as far south as Georgia learn about the location of vouchered specimens and see images get! Only in wetlands of the leaves are thick and leathery, narrow leaves this. Minimize negative impacts on the wildlife Habitat map for leatherleaf ( Chamaedaphne calyculata is! And Canada leaves often turn red-brown in winter some Lepidoptera species including Coleophora ledi and... & Vines: a coloured Province or state means this species occurs somewhere in Province/State! And some other ducks Rhus vernix, but also occur in shrubby fens, rock crevices, pool! Wiry stems and easier to walk around than through exact status definitions can vary from to... Species of the plant flowers in spring to zone ( UK ) 7 plant flowers in April June... Poorly drained or have standing water [ 48,63 ] to June around pools. Peatlands that have been severely disturbed or mined for peat CHCAN: Chamaedaphne calyculata ( L. Moench.

24hrs Mtb Race, Yonkers Meaning In English, Nitrobact 100 Side Effects, School Wear United Reviews, How Much Caffeine In Nescafe 3 In 1 Sachet, Tools Every Software Developer Should Know,

Be Sociable, Share!

• 
• 

No tags